迪那3区块致密砂岩气藏损害机理及储层保护技术

迪那3区块致密砂岩气藏属于典型的低孔、特低渗碎屑岩储层,初始含水饱和度低,非均质性严重,裂缝发育,黏土矿物含量较高,该区块原用钾聚磺体系对迪那区块气藏造成一定的伤害,储层保护效果亟待提高。在分析迪那2及迪那3区块致密砂岩气藏特征及损害机理的基础上,确定钾聚磺体系损害气藏机理为水敏、应力敏感、漏失、毛管力效应及相圈闭损害。通过研制可酸化防漏堵漏材料及防水锁剂,对现用的钾聚磺体系进行改进,形成了一套保护致密砂岩气藏储层的钻井完井液体系,该体系流变性良好,滤失量明显降低,渗透率恢复值大幅提高,储层保护效果明显。     

低渗储层PRD钻井液微细固相的絮凝性能优化

以东方某低渗透气田储层为例,分别测试了重晶石粉、超细碳酸钙、膨润土粉、泥岩钻屑(储层段)在液相里的粒径分布情况,评价了他们对储层的损害程度,发现造浆膨润土和水化后泥岩,由于大部分颗粒在微米和亚微米级,对岩心渗流通道造成了堵塞。因此优选出了絮凝剂PL-1,其在加量为0.1%时对微细固相具有好的絮凝能力,并能明显增强钻井液的储层保护能力,被优化后的PRD钻井液污染的岩心,渗透率恢复值由优化前的66.9%提高到79.7%,而且钻井液的滤失造壁性也得到了改善。     

瓜胶压裂液体系示踪剂的筛选

在油气田开发过程中,多数油气井压裂通常是采取分段压裂,各层段一起合排,此过程目前常用总的返排量来判断整体压裂液的返排效果,而无法了解各个层段压裂液的返排情况。为了评价各层段压裂液的返排效果,可在各层段压裂过程中加入一定浓度的不同示踪剂,在返排时对压裂液返排液进行连续取样,检测返排液中各种示踪剂的浓度,从而判断各层段的返排效果,计算压裂液在地层中的残留量。而在压裂中所用示踪剂需要与压裂液配伍,对油田常用的几种示踪剂进行了实验评价。实验研究结果表明,小分子醇类和无机阴离子(SCN-和Br-)不适合作为瓜胶压裂液示踪剂,2种微量物质TA和TB与瓜胶压裂液配伍,不会对压裂液成胶和破胶产生影响,并且由于其在地层环境中有较低的吸附量,不会对定量测量造成影响,可初步选为压裂液示踪剂。     

A 10-bit 300-MS/s asynchronous SAR ADC with strategy of optimizing settling time for capacitive DAC in 65 nm CMOS

A 10-bit 300-MS/s asynchronous SAR ADC in 65 nm CMOS is presented in this paper. To achieve low power, binary-weighed capacitive DAC is employed without any digital correction or calibration. Consequently, settling time for the capacitive DAC would be a dominant limiting factor for the ADC operating speed. A novel architecture is proposed to optimize the settling time for the capacitive DAC, which depends merely on the on-resistance of switches and the capacitance of unit capacitor and irrelevant to the resolution. Therefore, high-speed high-resolution SAR ADC is possible. What is deserved to highlight is that the architecture improves the ADC performance at a fraction of the cost, with only some capacitors and control logic added. Post-layout simulation has been made for the SAR ADC. At a 1.2-V supply voltage and a sampling rate of 300 MS/s, it consumes 1.27 mW and achieves an SNDR of 60 dB, an SFDR of 67.5 dB, with the Nyquist input. The SAR ADC occupies a core area of 450×380 μm².     

低密度聚乙烯生产过程中二次机及中冷器结垢分析

LDPE树脂工业化过程中二次压缩机及中冷器普遍存在聚乙烯结垢问题。熔融指数、密度测试结果显示,二次机和中冷器结垢物熔融指数及密度均分别为0.03g/10min,0.942g/cm3及0.12g/10min,0.936g/cm3,表明污垢并非来自高压循环气系统夹带。FT-IR测试结果,显示合格LDPE树脂和结垢物图谱在1364.69cm-1,1375.24cm-1中均出现叔丁基特征峰;在1721.42cm-1及1740cm-1均出现了酯类C=O伸缩振动吸收峰。红外图谱并未出现醚类碳-氧吸收峰,表明过氧化引发剂参与结垢物形成,氧气并未参与组合阀及中冷器污垢形成反应。本文证实了自由基来源、聚乙烯白色污垢的成因,对解决LDPE工业化过程中组合阀、中冷器结垢问题具有重要参考价值。     

Design,development and reliability testing of a low power bridge-type micromachined hotplate

In this paper, the development and reliability of a platinum-based microheater with low power consumption are demonstrated. The microheater is fabricated on a thin SiO₂ bridge-type suspended membrane supported by four arms. The structure consists of a 0.6 μm-thick SiO₂ membrane of size 50 μm × 50 μm over which a platinum resistor is laid out. The simulation of the structure was carried out using MEMS-CAD Tool COVENTORWARE. The platinum resistor of 31.0 Ω is fabricated on SiO₂ membrane using lift-off technique. The bulk micromachining technique is used to create the suspended SiO₂ membrane. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of platinum used for temperature estimation of the hotplate is measured and found to be 2.2 × 10⁻³/°C. The test results indicate that the microhotplate consumes only 11.8 mW when heated up to 400 °C. For reliability testing, the hotplate is continuously operated at higher temperatures. It was found that at 404 °C, 508 °C and 595 °C, the microhotplate continuously operated up to 16.5 h, 4.3 h and 4 min respectively without degrading its performance. It can sustain at least 53 cycles pulse-mode of operation at 540 °C with ultra-low resistance and temperature drifts. The structure has maximum current capability of 19.06 mA and it can also sustain the ultrasonic vibration at least for 30 min without any damage.     

低度软锰矿制取硫酸锰的实验研究

以低度软锰矿为原料,采用还原焙烧—硫酸浸出法制取硫酸锰,研究了还原焙烧对浸出率的影响,及影响产品主含量达标的钙镁硫酸盐杂质的去除方法,探索出了3条工艺路线,可制得一水硫酸锰含量达98.5%以上的高品质硫酸锰产品。     

Progress and applications of cluster ion beam technology

Cluster ion beam processing has been extensively developed during the 25 years since the concept originated. Low energy surface interaction effects, lateral sputtering phenomena and high-rate chemical reaction effects have been explored experimentally and have been explained by means of molecular dynamics (MD) modeling. Practical production equipment for a wide range of applications has also been successfully developed. The technology is now advancing rapidly in the fields of sub-nanoscale processing of metals, semiconductors and insulating materials. This paper reviews important events which have taken place during the development with emphasis placed on emerging new advances which have occurred during several recent years.     

Effective Moduli Evaluation of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymers Using Micromechanics

A multistep homogenization method is adopted to compute the effective moduli of carbon nanotube reinforced composites. The composite is assumed to be reinforced with isolated individual fibers and clustered fibers. A uniform agglomeration model is introduced assuming constant carbon nanotube cluster size throughout the matrix. Agglomeration volume fraction—a critical parameter in the simulation—is considered to be an explicit function of inter-particle distance and quality of dispersion of fibers. The micromechanics model also incorporates random fiber orientation using a statistical approach. It is seen that these parameters reduce the stiffening effect of carbon nanotubes significantly in the composite.     

盐冻环境下钢筋混凝土构件性能研究

为掌握保护层厚度、钢筋直径及其位置对混凝土盐冻损伤的影响,以质量分数为3.5％的NaCl溶液为冻融介质进行了快速冻融试验,测试了各构件盐冻后的混凝土质量损失率及相对动弹性模量变化规律.分析表明,基于混凝土和钢材不同的比热容与热膨胀系数,配筋混凝土构件在盐冻过程中损伤程度不同.研究结果表明,在盐冻循环作用早期阶段,配筋混凝土试件相对动弹性模量下降幅度和质量损失率变化较快,随即劣化速度降低.光圆钢筋比带肋钢筋的混凝土盐冻损伤小,混凝土保护层厚度与钢筋直径比值存在合理值,使配筋混凝土试件的相对动弹性模量降低和质量损失率最小.